Sample Questions
Unit D - Diagnostic Techniques
Taken directly from Todd's CV Review books, 7th Edition
Unit D, Chapter 1 – Catheters
Question #1
Identify the catheter component labeled #4 on the diagram. a. Hub
b. Body
c. Primary bend (1°)
d. Secondary bend (2°)
Check Your Answer
ANSWER: d. Secondary bend (2°).
BE ABLE TO MATCH ALL ANSWERS.
1. HUB: A plastic or metal connector attached to the body of a catheter for syringe or manifold attachment. Hubs usually have the French size and other information stamped on them.
2. HEAT SHRINK, reinforcing sleeve: Some catheters use heat shrinkable tubing as a reinforcement sleeve. It strengthens the proximal end against kinking or pressure bursting. During injection, catheter pressure is greatest near the hub, and least at the tip. The hub end is where catheters may rupture and where reinforcement helps. Note the hub reinforcement in the diagram.
3. BODY: The tubing that runs the length of the catheter usually incorporating a wire braid.
4. SECONDARY BEND: The second bend from the tip end.
5. PRIMARY BEND: The bend nearest the tip end.
6. SIDE-HOLES: Round holes punched into the side of the catheter to allow broader and safer dye dispersion. They reduce catheter kickback during the injection. They need to be symmetrical, so the dye injection doesn't kick the tip to one side.
7. END-HOLE: Hole at the distal tip of a catheter allows a guide wire to pass through the catheter to provide tip guidance and to stiffen the catheter for more support.
8. TIP: Many catheters, especially guiding catheters, have soft tips to reduce vessel dissection and trauma.
See: Pepine, chapter on "Catheters . . . equipment"
BE ABLE TO MATCH ALL ANSWERS.
1. HUB: A plastic or metal connector attached to the body of a catheter for syringe or manifold attachment. Hubs usually have the French size and other information stamped on them.
2. HEAT SHRINK, reinforcing sleeve: Some catheters use heat shrinkable tubing as a reinforcement sleeve. It strengthens the proximal end against kinking or pressure bursting. During injection, catheter pressure is greatest near the hub, and least at the tip. The hub end is where catheters may rupture and where reinforcement helps. Note the hub reinforcement in the diagram.
3. BODY: The tubing that runs the length of the catheter usually incorporating a wire braid.
4. SECONDARY BEND: The second bend from the tip end.
5. PRIMARY BEND: The bend nearest the tip end.
6. SIDE-HOLES: Round holes punched into the side of the catheter to allow broader and safer dye dispersion. They reduce catheter kickback during the injection. They need to be symmetrical, so the dye injection doesn't kick the tip to one side.
7. END-HOLE: Hole at the distal tip of a catheter allows a guide wire to pass through the catheter to provide tip guidance and to stiffen the catheter for more support.
8. TIP: Many catheters, especially guiding catheters, have soft tips to reduce vessel dissection and trauma.
See: Pepine, chapter on "Catheters . . . equipment"
Unit D, Chapter 2 – Other Cath Equipment
Question #66
Identify the part of an introducer sheath set labeled #3 on the diagram.
a. Wire-guide, short
b. Sheath
c. Dilator
d. Seldinger needle
ANSWER: a. Short wire-guide. MATCH ALL ANSWERS.
1. SHEATH: The Teflon sleeve that admits the dilator and catheter. Most sheaths have a hemostasis valve proximal to the sidearm. They are made of slits in a rubber diaphragm or several layers of rubber. A good hemostasis valve prevents bleed-back through the proximal end of the sheath during catheter exchange. You can insert and remove catheters without bleed back through the sheath.
2. DILATOR: The short section of tapered catheter that expands the vessel puncture site. The taper makes the transitions between guide-wire OD size and sheath ID size. The dilator is the same French size as the largest catheter you can introduce through the sheath. A 6F sheath can introduce a 6F catheter.
3. WIRE-GUIDE, SHORT: These short .035-inch OD guides are used only for inserting the sheath. They extend through the dilator but are too short to be used with a catheter.
4. SELDINGER NEEDLE: The 18T needle used for wire insertion by the Seldinger method (may be a 1-part, 2-part, or a 3-part needle.)
See: Grossman, chapter on "Percutaneous Approach"
1. SHEATH: The Teflon sleeve that admits the dilator and catheter. Most sheaths have a hemostasis valve proximal to the sidearm. They are made of slits in a rubber diaphragm or several layers of rubber. A good hemostasis valve prevents bleed-back through the proximal end of the sheath during catheter exchange. You can insert and remove catheters without bleed back through the sheath.
2. DILATOR: The short section of tapered catheter that expands the vessel puncture site. The taper makes the transitions between guide-wire OD size and sheath ID size. The dilator is the same French size as the largest catheter you can introduce through the sheath. A 6F sheath can introduce a 6F catheter.
3. WIRE-GUIDE, SHORT: These short .035-inch OD guides are used only for inserting the sheath. They extend through the dilator but are too short to be used with a catheter.
4. SELDINGER NEEDLE: The 18T needle used for wire insertion by the Seldinger method (may be a 1-part, 2-part, or a 3-part needle.)
See: Grossman, chapter on "Percutaneous Approach"
Unit D, Chapter 3 – Indications, Risks, and Complications
Question #137
Which 3 patients have a major indication for combined cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography? (Select 3 below.)
a. An older man being considered for valve surgery in 1 week
b. A young man with chest pain of uncertain origin for the last month
c. An older woman with Q-wave myocardial infarction 24 hrs old
d. A middle-aged woman being considered for PCI tomorrow
e. A cyanotic child with tetralogy of Fallot
ANSWERS: a, b, & d.
a. An older man being considered for valve surgery in 1 week - YES
b. A young man with chest pain of uncertain origin for the last month - YES
c. An older woman with Q-wave myocardial infarction 24 hrs old - NO
d. A middle age woman being considered for PCI tomorrow - YES
e. A cyanotic child with tetralogy of Fallot - NO
Q-waves indicate irreversible death of myocardium. After an infarction process begins, the window to salvage myocardium is usually considered to be 4-6 hrs. Prior to this brief time PCI, thrombolysis, or CABG may prevent the death of some myocardial cells and "salvage" myocardium. After that time infarcted tissue has died and recovery in CCU and medical therapy is usually all that can be done.
a. An older man being considered for valve surgery in 1 week - YES
b. A young man with chest pain of uncertain origin for the last month - YES
c. An older woman with Q-wave myocardial infarction 24 hrs old - NO
d. A middle age woman being considered for PCI tomorrow - YES
e. A cyanotic child with tetralogy of Fallot - NO
Q-waves indicate irreversible death of myocardium. After an infarction process begins, the window to salvage myocardium is usually considered to be 4-6 hrs. Prior to this brief time PCI, thrombolysis, or CABG may prevent the death of some myocardial cells and "salvage" myocardium. After that time infarcted tissue has died and recovery in CCU and medical therapy is usually all that can be done.
Unit D, Chapter 4 – Cath: Protocol and Preparation
Question #223
Identify the chief accomplishment of the historic figure in cardiovascular catheterization - labeled #2 in the box (Mason Sones).
a. First heart cath (on horse) 1844
b. First cath on human (himself) 1929
c. Developed percutaneous technique 1953
d. First coronary arteriogram 1959
e. First coronary angioplasty 1977
ANSWER: d. Mason Sones performed the first coronary arteriogram in 1959.
CORRECTLY MATCHED ANSWERS ARE:
1. Andreas Gruntzig.....First coronary angioplasty, 1977
2. Mason Sones..........First coronary arteriogram, 1959
3. Werner Forssman......First cath on human (himself), 1929
4. Claude Bernard.......First heart cath (on horse), 1844
5. S.I. Seldinger.......Developed percutaneous technique, 1953
See: Pepine, chapter on "Cath Techniques..."
CORRECTLY MATCHED ANSWERS ARE:
1. Andreas Gruntzig.....First coronary angioplasty, 1977
2. Mason Sones..........First coronary arteriogram, 1959
3. Werner Forssman......First cath on human (himself), 1929
4. Claude Bernard.......First heart cath (on horse), 1844
5. S.I. Seldinger.......Developed percutaneous technique, 1953
See: Pepine, chapter on "Cath Techniques..."
Unit D, Chapter 5 – Vascular Access, Scrub, and Hemostasis
Question #261
According to Kern, what are the two major "lifelines" which the staff should connect to the patient prior to beginning a cardiac cath procedure? (Select 2 below.)
a. Pulse oximeter
b. ECG monitor
c. IV access
d. Arterial line
e. Defibrillator
ANSWERS: b & c. Hookup to an ECG monitor & IV access.
The ECG is essential to monitor arrhythmias, bradycardia, ST changes, etc. And the IV is necessary to administer medications during the case. IV drug administration reaches the heart before IA (arterial) administration and is safer than IA.
See: Kern, chapter on “Arterial & Venous Access."
The ECG is essential to monitor arrhythmias, bradycardia, ST changes, etc. And the IV is necessary to administer medications during the case. IV drug administration reaches the heart before IA (arterial) administration and is safer than IA.
See: Kern, chapter on “Arterial & Venous Access."
Unit D, Chapter 6 – Right Heart Catheterization
Question #374
Swan-Ganz right heart catheterization is most justified in patients with:
a. Cardiogenic shock
b. Chronic heart failure
c. Acute coronary syndrome
d. Acute STEMI
ANSWER: a. Cardiogenic shock.
Chatterjee says, “The randomized clinical trials in patients with acute coronary syndrome, noncoronary high-risk patients (including noncardiac surgical patients and patients with sepsis and ARDS), and patients with chronic heart failure have established that its routine use is not necessary and may be associated with increased complications, including death. However, it is still necessary in patients with cardiogenic shock, for the differential diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension, and for diagnosis and treatment of uncommon causes and complications of heart failure.”
“In patients with severe chronic heart failure requiring inotropic, vasopressor, and vasodilator therapy, hemodynamic monitoring is essential. For heart and lung transplantation workup, hemodynamic monitoring is always necessary... [They are] frequently overused in critical care units, resulting in many complications, including mortality. The prospective randomized trials have reported that in the majority of clinical circumstances, the routine use of balloon flotation catheters is not indicated.”
See: Chatterjee, The Swan-Ganz Catheters: Past, Present, and Future: A Viewpoint, Circulation. 2009;119:147-152
Chatterjee says, “The randomized clinical trials in patients with acute coronary syndrome, noncoronary high-risk patients (including noncardiac surgical patients and patients with sepsis and ARDS), and patients with chronic heart failure have established that its routine use is not necessary and may be associated with increased complications, including death. However, it is still necessary in patients with cardiogenic shock, for the differential diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension, and for diagnosis and treatment of uncommon causes and complications of heart failure.”
“In patients with severe chronic heart failure requiring inotropic, vasopressor, and vasodilator therapy, hemodynamic monitoring is essential. For heart and lung transplantation workup, hemodynamic monitoring is always necessary... [They are] frequently overused in critical care units, resulting in many complications, including mortality. The prospective randomized trials have reported that in the majority of clinical circumstances, the routine use of balloon flotation catheters is not indicated.”
See: Chatterjee, The Swan-Ganz Catheters: Past, Present, and Future: A Viewpoint, Circulation. 2009;119:147-152
Unit D, Chapter 7 – Coronary Arteriography
Question #438
This is a 2-stopcock manifold used for closed system coronary arteriography. Port #3 on the diagram is usually used for:
a. Catheter attachment
b. Pressure recording
c. Air zero
d. Contrast
e. Flush
f. Control syringe
ANSWER: d. Contrast.Coronary arteriography requires frequent contrast injections. Having the contrast stopcock nearest your syringe is handy and saves time. The angiographer only turns one stopcock to fill the syringe and inject. These closed systems allow the angiographer to fill and inject contrast repeatedly without having to remove the syringe. This minimizes the possibility of air embolism. If any bubbles are accidentally injected into the coronary system, they could cause an "air lock" in the capillary bed possibly resulting in myocardial infarction.
MATCH ALL ANSWERS BELOW.
1. CATHETER: Judkins coronary are most common.
2. PRESSURE TRANSDUCER: Air zero obtained from the transducer off the table.
3. CONTRAST: Line and bottle.
4. CONTROL SYRINGE: Also called a 3-ring syringe.
See: Grossman, chapter on "Coronary Arteriography."
Unit D, Chapter 8 – Left Heart Catheterization
Question #524
Identify the left heart and/or aortic angiographic flood catheter bend labeled #1 in the diagram.
a. Pigtail
b. Angled Pigtail
c. Multipurpose A2
d. Brockenbrough
ANSWER: c. Multipurpose A2.
MATCH THE OTHER LEFT HEART CATHETERS IN THE DIAGRAM with the list below.
1. MULTIPURPOSE A2: Schoonmaker/King's all-purpose catheter can be used for LV angiography and both right and left coronary arteries. It has 2 side holes and 1 end-hole.
2. ANGLED PIGTAIL: LV flood catheter,145-degree body angle to sit mid LV. The tip is curled like a "pig's tail."
3. PIGTAIL: An all-purpose flood catheter, very atraumatic. The tip is curled like a "pig's tail."
4. BROCKENBROUGH: This catheter crosses atrial septum after a transeptal puncture is made through fossa ovalis. The catheter is then advanced into the LA, across the mitral valve into the LV.
See: Kern, chapter on “Coronary Angiography and Ventriculography”
MATCH THE OTHER LEFT HEART CATHETERS IN THE DIAGRAM with the list below.
1. MULTIPURPOSE A2: Schoonmaker/King's all-purpose catheter can be used for LV angiography and both right and left coronary arteries. It has 2 side holes and 1 end-hole.
2. ANGLED PIGTAIL: LV flood catheter,145-degree body angle to sit mid LV. The tip is curled like a "pig's tail."
3. PIGTAIL: An all-purpose flood catheter, very atraumatic. The tip is curled like a "pig's tail."
4. BROCKENBROUGH: This catheter crosses atrial septum after a transeptal puncture is made through fossa ovalis. The catheter is then advanced into the LA, across the mitral valve into the LV.
See: Kern, chapter on “Coronary Angiography and Ventriculography”
Unit D, Chapter 9 – Pediatric Cath Techniques
Question #606
Identify the pediatric catheter labeled #5 on the diagram.
a. NIH
b. Berman
c. Swan-Ganz
d. Pigtail
e. Rashkind
f. Cournand or Lehman
g. Judkins RCA
ANSWER: e. Rashkind atrial septostomy catheter. It is used to enlarge the foramen ovale in certain cyanotic lesions.
CORRECTLY MATCHED ANSWERS ARE:
1. NIH: The NIH is a "No End Hole" catheter. It is most commonly used in RV and PA angiography.
2. COURNAND/ LEHMAN: A woven Dacron standard wall catheter used for right heart catheterization.
3. BERMAN: PVC BALLOON floatation catheter with side holes proximal to the balloon tip. It is the right heart angiographic catheter of choice in infants and children.
4. SWAN-GANZ: A whole family of multi-lumen balloon floatation catheters with a rubber balloon at the tip. These catheters have become the standard for right heart cath because they are easy to insert and are safe.
5. RASHKIND ATRIAL SEPTOSTOMY catheter. These are sturdy single lumen balloon catheters. They are made to take the abuse of a rapid pullback to tear the atrial septum. This provides increased blood flow to the lungs for oxygenation. Remember "Rashkind Rips."
6. JUDKINS RIGHT coronary catheter: Many coronary catheters & wires may be used on pediatric cases because they are smaller and more readily available.
7. PIGTAIL: The pigtail catheter is the most commonly used LV gram and AO-gram catheter. With up to 12 side holes it evenly disperses the dye within the LV. The distal coiled tip prevents spearing, arrhythmia (irritation), recoil, and intra-myocardial injection.
See: Tilkian, CV Procedures, chapter on "Tools for Cardiac Catheterization."
CORRECTLY MATCHED ANSWERS ARE:
1. NIH: The NIH is a "No End Hole" catheter. It is most commonly used in RV and PA angiography.
2. COURNAND/ LEHMAN: A woven Dacron standard wall catheter used for right heart catheterization.
3. BERMAN: PVC BALLOON floatation catheter with side holes proximal to the balloon tip. It is the right heart angiographic catheter of choice in infants and children.
4. SWAN-GANZ: A whole family of multi-lumen balloon floatation catheters with a rubber balloon at the tip. These catheters have become the standard for right heart cath because they are easy to insert and are safe.
5. RASHKIND ATRIAL SEPTOSTOMY catheter. These are sturdy single lumen balloon catheters. They are made to take the abuse of a rapid pullback to tear the atrial septum. This provides increased blood flow to the lungs for oxygenation. Remember "Rashkind Rips."
6. JUDKINS RIGHT coronary catheter: Many coronary catheters & wires may be used on pediatric cases because they are smaller and more readily available.
7. PIGTAIL: The pigtail catheter is the most commonly used LV gram and AO-gram catheter. With up to 12 side holes it evenly disperses the dye within the LV. The distal coiled tip prevents spearing, arrhythmia (irritation), recoil, and intra-myocardial injection.
See: Tilkian, CV Procedures, chapter on "Tools for Cardiac Catheterization."
Unit D, Chapter 10 – Vascular Angiography
Question #704
The abbreviation used in the vascular procedure labeled at #1 is:
a. BUN
b. CFA
c. DP
d. DSA
e. DVT
f. IVP
g. KUB
h. NG
I. PFA
j. PTA
k. SMA
1. HU
ANSWER: a. BUN = Blood Urea Nitrogen. Along with creatinine, it evaluates kidney function.
Know all these common abbreviations.
1. BUN = Blood Urea Nitrogen = Kidney function test
2. CFA = Common Femoral Artery = Artery punctured for AO-gram
3. NG = Nasogastric = Feeding tube to stomach
4. PFA = Profunda Femoral Artery = Artery supplying femur
5. DSA = Digital Subtraction Angiography = Computerized digital X-ray imaging
6. DVT = Deep Vein Thrombosis = Thrombosis of leg veins
7. IVP = Intravenous Pyelogram = Roentgenography procedure of the renal pelvis and ureter after contrast filling
8. DP = Dorsalis Pedis = Artery to front of foot
9. SMA = Superior Mesenteric Artery = Artery of the intestine
10. HU = Hounsfield Units = Radiodensity measure on CT scan (0 = water)
11. PTA = Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty = Vascular Angioplasty
12. KUB = Kidneys, Ureters, and Bladder X-ray film. Immediately after angiography a KUB film shows the kidneys excreting dye. In renal toxicity and shutdown no excretion is seen.
See: Kandarpa, Handbook of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiologic Procedures, appendix of "Abbreviations."
Know all these common abbreviations.
1. BUN = Blood Urea Nitrogen = Kidney function test
2. CFA = Common Femoral Artery = Artery punctured for AO-gram
3. NG = Nasogastric = Feeding tube to stomach
4. PFA = Profunda Femoral Artery = Artery supplying femur
5. DSA = Digital Subtraction Angiography = Computerized digital X-ray imaging
6. DVT = Deep Vein Thrombosis = Thrombosis of leg veins
7. IVP = Intravenous Pyelogram = Roentgenography procedure of the renal pelvis and ureter after contrast filling
8. DP = Dorsalis Pedis = Artery to front of foot
9. SMA = Superior Mesenteric Artery = Artery of the intestine
10. HU = Hounsfield Units = Radiodensity measure on CT scan (0 = water)
11. PTA = Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty = Vascular Angioplasty
12. KUB = Kidneys, Ureters, and Bladder X-ray film. Immediately after angiography a KUB film shows the kidneys excreting dye. In renal toxicity and shutdown no excretion is seen.
See: Kandarpa, Handbook of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiologic Procedures, appendix of "Abbreviations."
Unit D, Chapter 11 – ECG 1 and Arrhythmias
Question #761
Match the general class of ECG rhythm labeled #6 (delayed beat, from a lower pacemaker) with its name below.
a. Flutter
b. Fibrillation
c. Arrest
d. Tachycardia
e. Bradycardia
f. Premature
g. Escape
h. Block
I. Paroxysmal
ANSWER: g. Escape.
When the normal pacemaker fails to elicit a stimulus for one or more cycles, an impatient ectopic focus fires, this beat is termed an ESCAPE beat.
CLASSES OF ARRHYTHMIAS & RHYTHMS
1. Block = Slowed or interrupted conduction (as in BBB or 3° heart block)
2. Arrest = Cessation of activity (as in SA arrest)
3. Fibrillation = Chaotic rapid beating (over 400 bpm)
4. Flutter = Rapid, but very regular beating (usually over 200 bpm)
5. Premature = Beat which occurs too soon, early (as in PVC)
6. Escape = Delayed beat, from lower pacemaker (as in junctional escape)
7. Tachycardia = Rate over 100 bpm (as in ventricular tachycardia)
8. Bradycardia = Rate less than 60 bpm (or <50 in young athletes)
9. Paroxysmal = Sudden rhythm or rate change (as is paroxysmal atrial tachycardia)
See: Dubin, chapter on "Rhythm."
When the normal pacemaker fails to elicit a stimulus for one or more cycles, an impatient ectopic focus fires, this beat is termed an ESCAPE beat.
CLASSES OF ARRHYTHMIAS & RHYTHMS
1. Block = Slowed or interrupted conduction (as in BBB or 3° heart block)
2. Arrest = Cessation of activity (as in SA arrest)
3. Fibrillation = Chaotic rapid beating (over 400 bpm)
4. Flutter = Rapid, but very regular beating (usually over 200 bpm)
5. Premature = Beat which occurs too soon, early (as in PVC)
6. Escape = Delayed beat, from lower pacemaker (as in junctional escape)
7. Tachycardia = Rate over 100 bpm (as in ventricular tachycardia)
8. Bradycardia = Rate less than 60 bpm (or <50 in young athletes)
9. Paroxysmal = Sudden rhythm or rate change (as is paroxysmal atrial tachycardia)
See: Dubin, chapter on "Rhythm."
Unit D, Chapter 12 – ECG II: Blocks, 12-Leads, and Pacers
Question #845
Match the level of AV block labeled at #3 in the box with its name below (Two out of every 3 "P" waves are not conducted.)
a. Complete heart block
b. Second degree block (type 2)
c. Second degree block (Wenckebach)
d. First degree AV block
ANSWER: b. Second degree block (Mobitz type 2).
This is a fixed ratio AV block (e.g. 2:1, 3:1, 4:1 etc.). In the 3:1 AV block shown, three "P" waves occur for every one that is conducted down the AV node. The other two “P” waves are blocked by the AV node. There is no gradual lengthening of the PR interval before the dropped beat, as in Wenckebach. The degree of block may vary (e.g., in 2:1 AV block, every other "P" wave is blocked by the AV node.)
BE ABLE TO MATCH ALL ANSWERS BELOW.
1. PROLONGED PR INTERVAL = first degree Block
2. LENGTHENING OF PR INTERVAL - UNTIL QRS IS DROPPED = second degree Block (type I Wenckebach)
3. THREE "P" WAVES FOR EACH QRS (Only every 3rd "P" wave conducted) = second degree Block (type II)
4. INDEPENDENT "P" & QRS RHYTHMS = complete heart block
See: Hurst and Logue, The Heart, chapter on "Disturbance of Cardiac Rhythm."
BE ABLE TO MATCH ALL ANSWERS BELOW.
1. PROLONGED PR INTERVAL = first degree Block
2. LENGTHENING OF PR INTERVAL - UNTIL QRS IS DROPPED = second degree Block (type I Wenckebach)
3. THREE "P" WAVES FOR EACH QRS (Only every 3rd "P" wave conducted) = second degree Block (type II)
4. INDEPENDENT "P" & QRS RHYTHMS = complete heart block
See: Hurst and Logue, The Heart, chapter on "Disturbance of Cardiac Rhythm."
Unit D, Chapter 13 – X-rays
Question #901
The elastic arteries filter and smooth out the pulsatile pressure within the aorta. This effect is termed the:
a. Whitehead
b. Coolidge
c. Roentgen
d. Curie
e. Crook
ANSWER: c. Roentgen.
Bushong describes Roentgen’s accidental discovery as follows: "On November 8, 1985, Roentgen was working in his laboratory at Wurzburg University in Germany. He had darkened his laboratory and completely enclosed his Crookes tube with black photographic paper so that he could better visualize the effects of the cathode rays in the tube. A plate coated with barium platinocyanide, a fluorescent material, happened to be lying on a bench top several feet away from the Crookes tube. . . Roentgen noted that the barium platinocyanide fluoresced regardless of its distance from the Crookes tube. . . . For this work he received the first Nobel prize in physics. Finally, Roentgen recognized the value of his discovery to medicine. He produced and published the first medical X-ray, one of his wife’s hand."
See: Bushong, chapter on "Concepts of Radiation."
Bushong describes Roentgen’s accidental discovery as follows: "On November 8, 1985, Roentgen was working in his laboratory at Wurzburg University in Germany. He had darkened his laboratory and completely enclosed his Crookes tube with black photographic paper so that he could better visualize the effects of the cathode rays in the tube. A plate coated with barium platinocyanide, a fluorescent material, happened to be lying on a bench top several feet away from the Crookes tube. . . Roentgen noted that the barium platinocyanide fluoresced regardless of its distance from the Crookes tube. . . . For this work he received the first Nobel prize in physics. Finally, Roentgen recognized the value of his discovery to medicine. He produced and published the first medical X-ray, one of his wife’s hand."
See: Bushong, chapter on "Concepts of Radiation."
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Wes Todd, BS, RCIS, RCES.
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S. 1605 Clinton Rd.
Spokane Valley, WA 99216-0420
